The B.A. in art is designed for students who seek a breadth of knowledge in the visual arts and who have an interest or background in the humanities and foreign language. The studio art faculty is made up of practicing artists who work closely with the students, and students also work closely with each other as they develop their studio practice. Visiting artists and scholars, workshops, field trips and frequent on-campus exhibitions of professional artwork enhance student engagement with contemporary art. Additionally, students have opportunities to exhibit and present their artwork, to assist in running on-campus galleries and studio art labs and to partake in other hands-on art experiences.

Students graduating with a B.A. in Art will:

• Display technical command of at least one medium and display fluency in a range of media.
• Effectively analyze and apply two- and three-dimensional design principles and devices.
• Develop an independent line of creative inquiry that embraces risk-taking and inventive solutions.
• Knowledgeably critique and contextualize their artwork to cultivate expressive ideas and meaningful content.
• Demonstrate awareness of contemporary art and art history within a global context.

A minimum of 120 credits is required for all degrees. If interested, please contact the School of Art, Design and Art History for more information.

The department offers a four-year B.S. degree program for a major in biology and for a major in biology qualifying for the Secondary Collegiate Professional License. Requirements for the B.A. degree can be met by adding the completion of an intermediate level foreign language and three credit hours in philosophy. Students may not receive dual credit toward the biology major for 300- and 400-level BIO courses that are applied toward the biotechnology major.

Biology majors must complete 40 credit hours of biology courses including 16 credit hours at the 300 and 400 level. Specific requirements include four core courses (BIO 140, BIO 150, BIO 240 and BIO 250), at least two upper-division laboratory courses and one course from a list of courses with an emphasis on organismal diversity. In addition, biology majors must complete a set of cognate courses in chemistry, mathematics, statistics and physics that are listed below. Students are encouraged to participate in independent research with a faculty mentor. Credits earned doing research will count toward the biology major but some restrictions apply.

When requested, senior biology majors are expected to participate in program assessment test activities as a graduation requirement. Assessment information helps the department modify the curriculum to meet student needs.

This rigorous major allows the exceptional student to focus on a solid foundation in chemistry with a study of biological systems, emphasizing hands-on learning, and leading to a career in biochemistry, chemistry, medicine, and interfaces with other areas such as materials science and engineering. Students take foundational lecture and laboratory courses in all sub-disciplines of chemistry: analytical, biochemistry, inorganic, organic, and physical: as well as biology, calculus and physics. The department also offers a major in chemistry and minors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Materials Science.

The Chemistry major focuses on the study of the composition and behavior of matter, emphasizing hands-on learning. Students take foundational lecture and laboratory courses in all sub-disciplines of chemistry: analytical, biochemistry, inorganic, organic and physical. There are opportunities to take advanced courses in these areas, as well as courses in cross disciplinary areas such as environmental, materials, nuclear and polymers.

The undergraduate experience is further enhanced by participation in undergraduate research with a faculty member, using modern laboratories and state-of-the-art instrumentation. Conducting research and presenting results builds technical, critical thinking and communication skills that are highly valued by graduate and professional schools, as well as industry and government employers.

As part of the nationally recognized JMU College of Business, the economics major fosters an understanding and appreciation of economic forms of explanation and their relationships to other social sciences. The major will provide students with an intellectual foundation for the appreciation and understanding of economic theory and policy that stresses the importance of imaginative thinking, free inquiry and the pursuit of life-long learning. In this way, the program prepares students with the economic literacy necessary to cope with the challenges inherent in a world of accelerating change.

Economics majors are generally educated students, who go on to develop their analytical, investigative and research skills. With this major, students will use their understanding of economics relationships and markets to work for manufacturing firms, financial services firms, consulting firms, the health care industries, government agencies and nonprofit organizations. Economists with strong statistical backgrounds conduct research, analyze data and develop forecasts. Students with a good background in this field are competitive in the job market.

The English major may be an entry point for graduate study, law school, or a career in teaching, and prepares students for many professions in which skillful use of language is important: publishing, journalism, public relations, broadcasting, government, non-profit work, advertising, and business.

English offers all students, whatever their vocational interests, an opportunity to experience the challenges and pleasures of the world's literature in a sustained program of study. Reading literature and literary criticism exercises skills in critical thinking, writing, and communication, and builds an awareness of diverse perspectives that will become important in students' professional and personal lives. Students may choose a variety of courses covering American, British, and world literatures, contemporary and early literatures, cultural studies, gender studies, creative writing, film, and linguistics.

The graphic design program provides a professional education with an interdisciplinary approach. Program objectives for the graphic design student are:

• Articulate ideas and understand the fundamental elements and principles of graphic design while using correct terminology pertinent to the field.
• Demonstrate a working knowledge of artistic methods, craft and formal structure as vehicles to enhance a solutions communicative value.
• Demonstrate proficiency in both traditional and digital ways of making.
• Develop diverse problem-solving methodologies that combine theory, research, analytical skills and conceptualization to create effective graphic design solutions.
• Develop a professional graphic design portfolio reflective of one's knowledge and abilities that encompasses the contemporary design market.

The graphic design program objectives are enhanced by frequent field trips to design events, guest speakers, workshops and internship opportunities. Design students have an opportunity to engage with design leaders in the field through field trips, events and participation in a professional design organization.

The History program blends core requirements with great choice permitting students to pursue particular interests while developing a broad understanding of the historic past. Students will have the opportunity to design, in consultation with faculty advisers, approximately two-thirds of their program to suit their needs and interests. The major offers students an opportunity for independent research and to present their findings at regional or national conferences. History prepares students for a broad range of challenging careers.

History courses introduce students to the nature of history and survey the globe in a historical context. The 100- and 200-level courses are world or regional surveys, covering extensive periods of time, while the 300- and 400-level courses are focused on one theme, time period or geography. The upper-level courses require extensive analysis of sources and texts, and they include a research assignment that showcases the students' ability to develop and present their own historical interpretations.

The major requires three core courses: HIST 101, HIST 102 and HIST 395. Majors must take eight additional courses: Two on the 200 level and six on the 300 and 400 levels—with at least three of the upper division courses taken at the 400 level. In addition, majors must take one upper division course in each of the following fields: U.S., Europe and World history. For students writing a senior honors thesis, only three hours of HIST 499. Honors may be counted among the three 400-level courses required for the major.

The B.F.A. in architectural design educates future design leaders. It is an intensive program focused on rigorous design processes. Architectural design is approached holistically– emphasizing investigations into the nature of materials and objects, interior space, ergonomics, history and theory, programmatic invention, functional poetics, and collaboration across disciplines. The curriculum instills purpose, craft, technological competencies and versatile thinking.

Teaching licensure in art is available as part of all degree programs. As a student enrolled in art education course work, you will be exposed to both theoretical and practical issues related to comprehensive art education delivery. In addition to intensive art education methods course work, you will participate in three practicum experiences designed for elementary, middle and high school levels.

As a Mathematics major, students will gain an increased understanding and appreciation for math as a universal language. Students can expect to use and build on skills such as thinking critically, formulating and solving problems and communicating solutions. Students will increase their ability to prove theorems, understand complex structure, and apply mathematics and statistics in many real-world settings. The program students choose will make it possible for them to acquire strong preparation for graduate work or for professional applications in mathematics and statistics, teaching, natural and social sciences or other technical areas.

There will also be opportunities for students to experience the challenge and rewards of faculty-mentored research. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in the numerous undergraduate research opportunities as well as individual and small group projects available in the department. Opportunities exist through the Center for Mathematical Modeling, the Office of Statistical Services, honors theses, and independent studies with individual faculty mentors.

Students can earn both a B.A. in Modern Foreign Languages and a minor in a specific language. Currently the department provides:

• Four years of instruction in Arabic, French, German, Italian and Spanish.
• Three years of instruction Chinese and Japanese.
• Two years of instruction in Ancient Greek, Latin, Korean, Persian, Portuguese, Russian and Swahili.

The minimum requirement for a major in languages is 33 upper-division credit hours in a specific language.

Physics is the study of the laws of nature that describe the universe we see around us and the relationship of energy and matter. This includes the study of nature on every scale from the smallest subatomic particles to the evolution of the universe itself. The study of physics is more than the pursuit of basic scientific knowledge. It is the development of a way of thinking about problems whether learning what is inside a proton or how to use knowledge from biology, chemistry or geology to solve an interesting practical problem.

In this major, students will be immersed in a program that integrates a comprehensive classroom curriculum with extensive hands-on experience working in research laboratories with our faculty. Students have opportunities to work both on campus and at national and international facilities to conduct research in nuclear physics and astronomy, and use state-of-the-art equipment on campus in materials, computational physics and non-linear dynamics. To find out more about the major and what the program is like consult the Physics & Astronomy program page.

The Political Science program offers a strong liberal arts major for students interested in all aspects of politics and public policy. Students are required to complete a core set of courses introducing them to political theory, the global community, American politics and research methods. All students complete a writing intensive capstone course that requires them to apply knowledge and skills from previous coursework to a major research project in a chosen area of interest. The Washington Semester Program allows students to spend a semester living and working in Washington, D.C. while earning credit towards their degree. The Political Science department also hosts a non-partisan club for students interested in public affairs.

The department takes pride in preparing them to think critically and analytically and to communicate their ideas well. Graduates go on to careers in law, government, non-profit organizations, campaigns, policy analysis and with private firms affected by government policy. A dedicated faculty includes specialists in elections, media and politics, public policy, international security, international law, peace studies, political philosophy, U.S. governmental institutions, and major geographic regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East).

The Statistics major is designed for students who have an interest in the mathematics of statistics or plan to go to graduate school in statistics. Students choose one of two tracks: applied statistics and mathematical statistics. This major emphasizes probability and the theory of statistics and provides opportunities for additional study in applied and theoretical statistics as well as mathematics. Students are encouraged to take elective courses offered by the department that will prepare them for graduate studies.

If students are interested in the applications of statistics and they are planning to seek employment upon graduation as a practicing statistician, they are advised to choose the applied statistics track. Emphasis in this track is on the applications of statistics to various fields of study. Students will take courses on the design and analysis of experiments, regression analysis and sample surveys, as well as other courses in applied and theoretical statistics, probability and mathematics. Students who choose the applied statistics track are encouraged to take as many elective courses as possible in applied fields of their choice.

The B.A. in Art is designed for students who seek a breadth of knowledge in the visual arts and who have an interest or background in the humanities and foreign language. The art faculty is made up of practicing artists who work closely with the students, and students also work closely with each other as they develop their studio practice. Visiting artists and scholars, workshops, field trips and frequent on-campus exhibitions of professional artwork enhance student engagement with contemporary art. Additionally, students have opportunities to exhibit and present their artwork, to assist in running on-campus galleries and studio art labs and to partake in other hands-on art experiences.

Students graduating with a B.A. in Art will:

• Display technical command of at least one medium and display fluency in a range of media.
• Effectively analyze and apply two- and three-dimensional design principles and devices.
• Develop an independent line of creative inquiry that embraces risk-taking and inventive solutions.
• Knowledgeably critique and contextualize their artwork to cultivate expressive ideas and meaningful content.
• Demonstrate awareness of contemporary art and art history within a global context.

A minimum of 120 credits is required for all degrees. If interested, please contact the School of Art, Design and Art History for more information.

The B.A. in Art is designed for students who seek a breadth of knowledge in the visual arts and who have an interest or background in the humanities and foreign language. The art faculty is made up of practicing artists who work closely with the students, and students also work closely with each other as they develop their studio practice. Visiting artists and scholars, workshops, field trips and frequent on-campus exhibitions of professional artwork enhance student engagement with contemporary art. Additionally, students have opportunities to exhibit and present their artwork, to assist in running on-campus galleries and studio art labs and to partake in other hands-on art experiences.

Students graduating with a B.A. in Art will:

• Display technical command of at least one medium and display fluency in a range of media.
• Effectively analyze and apply two- and three-dimensional design principles and devices.
• Develop an independent line of creative inquiry that embraces risk-taking and inventive solutions.
• Knowledgeably critique and contextualize their artwork to cultivate expressive ideas and meaningful content.
• Demonstrate awareness of contemporary art and art history within a global context.

A minimum of 120 credits is required for all degrees. If interested, please contact the School of Art, Design and Art History for more information.

The department offers a four-year B.S. degree program for a major in biology and for a major in biology qualifying for the Secondary Collegiate Professional License. Requirements for the B.A. degree can be met by adding the completion of an intermediate level foreign language and three credit hours in philosophy. Students may not receive dual credit toward the biology major for 300- and 400-level BIO courses that are applied toward the biotechnology major.

Biology majors must complete 40 credit hours of biology courses including 16 credit hours at the 300 and 400 level. Specific requirements include four core courses (BIO 140, BIO 150, BIO 240 and BIO 250), at least two upper-division laboratory courses and one course from a list of courses with an emphasis on organismal diversity. In addition, biology majors must complete a set of cognate courses in chemistry, mathematics, statistics and physics that are listed below. Students are encouraged to participate in independent research with a faculty mentor. Credits earned doing research will count toward the biology major but some restrictions apply.

When requested, senior biology majors are expected to participate in program assessment test activities as a graduation requirement. Assessment information helps the department modify the curriculum to meet student needs.

As part of the nationally recognized JMU College of Business, the economics major fosters an understanding and appreciation of economic forms of explanation and their relationships to other social sciences. The major will provide students with an intellectual foundation for the appreciation and understanding of economic theory and policy that stresses the importance of imaginative thinking, free inquiry and the pursuit of life-long learning. In this way, the program prepares students with the economic literacy necessary to cope with the challenges inherent in a world of accelerating change.

Economics majors are generally educated students, who go on to develop their analytical, investigative and research skills. With this major, students will use their understanding of economics relationships and markets to work for manufacturing firms, financial services firms, consulting firms, the health care industries, government agencies and nonprofit organizations. Economists with strong statistical backgrounds conduct research, analyze data and develop forecasts. Students with a good background in this field are competitive in the job market.

Within the Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree, the industrial design major seeks to: integrate knowledge of the visual arts with applied design technology, enhance problem-solving and communication skills in the creation of design concepts, and develop student knowledge that optimizes the function, value and appearance of manufactured products and systems.

As a Mathematics major, students will gain an increased understanding and appreciation for math as a universal language. Students can expect to use and build on skills such as thinking critically, formulating and solving problems and communicating solutions. Students will increase their ability to prove theorems, understand complex structure, and apply mathematics and statistics in many real-world settings. The program students choose will make it possible for them to acquire strong preparation for graduate work or for professional applications in mathematics and statistics, teaching, natural and social sciences or other technical areas.

There will also be opportunities for students to experience the challenge and rewards of faculty-mentored research. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in the numerous undergraduate research opportunities as well as individual and small group projects available in the department. Opportunities exist through the Center for Mathematical Modeling, the Office of Statistical Services, honors theses, and independent studies with individual faculty mentors.

Physics is the study of the laws of nature that describe the universe we see around us and the relationship of energy and matter. This includes the study of nature on every scale from the smallest subatomic particles to the evolution of the universe itself. The study of physics is more than the pursuit of basic scientific knowledge. It is the development of a way of thinking about problems whether learning what is inside a proton or how to use knowledge from biology, chemistry or geology to solve an interesting practical problem.

In this major, students will be immersed in a program that integrates a comprehensive classroom curriculum with extensive hands-on experience working in research laboratories with our faculty. Students have opportunities to work both on campus and at national and international facilities to conduct research in nuclear physics and astronomy, and use state-of-the-art equipment on campus in materials, computational physics and non-linear dynamics.

Secondary Educators are passionate about helping their students discover the wonders of learning. They are eager to explore content in deep and meaningful ways with their students in grades 6 through 12, teaching at a higher level of cognitive complexity than typically experienced in middle or elementary school classrooms.

Because the secondary education field is so content-focused, our students major in their content area which gives them a firm foundation from which to build appropriately challenging and integrated lessons that will impact their students for years to come.

The TESOL major enables students to become knowledgeable about the theories of linguistics, research on social and cultural variables that influence language acquisition, the knowledge required to facilitate and assess language instruction in content areas, and laws governing the education of children for whom English is not their native language.

Academic experiences in the TESOL major include coursework and field experiences to assist future educators as they gain knowledge and understanding of theories of language acquisition and cultural competence, models of instruction, policies and laws, and learner characteristics as they relate to the teaching and acquisition of English as a new language. Students completing all requirements for the TESOL major are prepared to serve as teachers of students for whom English is not their native language. Completion of this four-year program leads to eligibility for a Virginia teaching license for PK-12 English as a Second Language.

Students must choose a minor based on interest and consultation with their adviser. A variety of minors can enhance the skills and knowledge of an ESL teacher. The Liberal Studies Minor is included as one of the options to ensure a solid foundation in core content-related courses.

This minor requires certain courses within the General Education curriculum that are designed specifically to fulfill subject area competencies for Virginia teachers. If students choose a minor other than the Liberal Studies minor, they must select from minors that are no more than 18 credit hours.

All teacher education admission requirements are submitted through the Education Support Center, located in Memorial Hall, room 7230. Students must be fully admitted into teacher education before they can register for certain designated undergraduate education courses.

Middle Grades Educators walk alongside adolescents during some of the most formative years of their life. They are eager to connect with their students and help them develop socially and emotionally in grades 6 through 8, collaborating with fellow teachers to create meaningful and integrated learning experiences for their students.

Because the middle grades education field is so student-focused, our educational courses give our students a firm foundation from which to understand their students and to develop relational skills and learning strategies that will positively impact their students for years to come.

Purpose: This program prepares students to communicate proficiently in American Sign Language, including both expressive and receptive skills. The ASL Career Studies Certificate will improve the students' marketability in a wide range of positions where it is necessary to possess effective communication between hearing and Deaf persons. These fields include careers such as teaching, health and social service occupations, and public safety positions. Many people already holding positions in these areas would enhance their ability to perform their current jobs by expanding the range of people with whom they can communicate. The ASL Career Studies Certificate also fulfils all of the prerequisite requirements for our other programs of study. Many students complete the ASL CSC and then go on to enroll in either the Interpreting A.A.S. or Deaf Studies A.S. curriculum.

Purpose: This program of study is structured to enable students to improve their skills in computer application for drafting and design in their respective fields. It is important that students confer with a drafting advisor or counselor to better acquaint themselves with the selection of classes in the curriculum.

Purpose: This program will provide an opportunity for student success by offering a Career Studies Certificate which will lead to a credential and gainful employment. It will create a seamless informed pathway for students to achieve their career goal, or, as an exit point to employment.

It will fill a demand in the automotive repair field by graduating a larger number of local, qualified apprentice and entry-level technicians to fill the shortage gap. It will also allow the involvement of multiple industry partners to support our program and meet the new advisory board requirements.

Credit for Prior Learning:Students in this program may be eligible for credit for prior learning and will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Please check the Credit for Prior Learning Manualfor more information.

Purpose: The curriculum is designed for individuals who seek employment involving the care and education of young children, or for those persons presently employed in these situations who wish to update and enhance their competencies. Job opportunities include program leaders, supervisors, and/or directors in child development programs.

Credit for Prior Learning: Students in this program may be eligible for credit for prior learning. See an academic advisor with the Early Childhood Programs for further information.

Purpose This curriculum is designed for students seeking licensure in 6-12 social studies education. This curriculum prepares students to transfer to any four-year college or university teacher preparation program. Courses in this degree are designed to satisfy some of the endorsement and professional course requirements of a Virginia teaching license. In EDU 200, students will identify the endorsement (content) courses they need to earn a teaching license. Students should meet with a Teacher Education faculty member or Education Field Placement Coordinator and Advising Specialist to select the correct courses for their area of licensure. EDU 200 and EDU 204 both require 20-hour field placements in a K-12 public school. Students will be required to complete a background check before being placed in the schools. Students with criminal records should consult with the Teacher Education Field Placement Coordinator before enrolling in the courses. Students are strongly encouraged to take the VCLA after completing ENG 111, ENG 112, Eng-literature course, and CST 100 or CST 110.

Purpose This curriculum is designed for students seeking licensure in K-12 Special Education Adapted Curriculum or K-12 Special Education General Curriculum. This curriculum prepares students to transfer to any four-year college or university teacher preparation program. Courses in this degree are designed to satisfy some of the endorsement and professional course requirements of a Virginia teaching license. In EDU 200, students will identify the endorsement (content) courses they need to earn a teaching license. Students should meet with a Teacher Education faculty member or Education Field Placement Coordinator and Advising Specialist to select the correct courses for their area of licensure. EDU 200 and EDU 204 both require 20-hour field placements in a K-12 public school. Students will be required to complete a background check before being placed in the schools. Students with criminal records should consult with the Teacher Education Field Placement Coordinator before enrolling in the courses. Students are strongly encouraged to take the VCLA after completing ENG 111, ENG 112, Eng-literature course, and CST 100 or 110.

Purpose This curriculum is designed for students seeking licensure in either PreK-3rd Grade or PreK-6th Grade. Upon completion of endorsement courses, students should take the Praxis II: Elementary Education Multiple Subjects. This curriculum prepares students to transfer to any four-year college or university teacher preparation program. Courses in this degree are designed to satisfy some of the endorsement and professional course requirements of a Virginia teaching license. In EDU 200, students will identify the endorsement (content) courses they need to earn a teaching license. Students should meet with a Teacher Education faculty member or Education Field Placement Coordinator and Advising Specialist to select the correct courses for their area of licensure. EDU 200 and EDU 204 both require 20-hour field placements in a K-12 public school. Students will be required to complete a background check before being placed in the schools. Students with criminal records should consult with the Teacher Education Field Placement Coordinator before enrolling in the courses. Students are strongly encouraged to take the VCLA after completing ENG 111, ENG 112, Eng-literature course, and CST 100 or 110.

Purpose: The curriculum is designed to prepare the student to transfer into a baccalaureate degree program in engineering fields such as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering, aeronautical engineering, and naval architecture/marine engineering.

Purpose: This program is a flexible associate degree. For students who plan to transfer, the degree can parallel the first two years of a four-year bachelor of science program if they choose courses that match the transfer institution's requirements. For those students who do not plan to transfer, the degree allows them to structure a program to suit their needs using accumulated credits from a variety of formal and experiential sources.

Purpose: The curriculum is designed for persons who seek entry-level employment as clinical data coding specialists in healthcare organizations by providing them with knowledge in anatomy and medical terminology, skill development in ICD-10-CM/PCS and CPT coding classification systems, database management, and clinical data abstracting processes, prospective payment systems, and reimbursement strategies. Clinical data coding specialists are in demand across the spectrum of healthcare organizations including hospitals, physician offices, insurance companies, managed care organizations, contracting groups, and accounting firms. Graduates of the certificate program are eligible to take one of two national certifying examinations administered by the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) to become a Certified Coding Associate (CCA), Certified Coding Specialist (CCS), or Certified Coding Specialist-Physician Office setting (CCS-P).

Purpose: This program is designed to provide the student with the training necessary to obtain several different CISCO certifications as outlined below. These certifications prepare the student to install and/or configure networks, including wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). They prepare students to optimize WANs through internet access solutions that reduce bandwidth and lower WAN costs, and provide remote access by integrating remote dial-up access with remote LAN to LAN access, as well as supporting higher levels of performance required for new applications such as internet commerce and multimedia. This career studies certificate also prepares the student to sit for the CISCO Certified Networking Associate (CCNA) certification exam.

Credit for Prior Learning: Students in this program may be eligible for credit for prior learning. See an academic advisor or counselor for further information.

Purpose: This program is designed for students who plan to transfer to a college or university for a Bachelor of Arts in Art History.

Purpose The curriculum is designed for individuals who are interested in a professional or scientific program and who plan to transfer to a four-year college or university to complete a baccalaureate degree with a major in one of the following fields: agriculture, biology, chemistry, pre-dentistry, forestry, geology, oceanography, pharmacy, physics, physical therapy, pre-medicine, science education, or mathematics.

Purpose This program is designed for individuals who plan to transfer to a four-year college or university to complete a bachelor of science in one of the social sciences. It also prepares students for some teacher certification programs. Students from the A.S. program major in a wide variety of fields, including anthropology, economics, government/political science, history, mass communications, pre-law, psychology, public administration, social work, and sociology.

PurposeThis major is designed for students who want to establish a strong foundation in the analytical skills and content related to the study of history, historical methods, and research tools across a variety of subject fields, including U.S., European, World, and Public History. Graduates who complete the major will be prepared for transfer opportunities and careers in fields that require critical thinking and clear written communications, as well as a deeper understanding of the importance of being an active and engaged citizen. When transferring to a four-year college or university, graduates will have the equivalent skills and knowledge of a junior.

Purpose This program is designed for individuals who plan to transfer to a four-year college or university to complete a baccalaureate degree. Graduates will have the knowledge, skills, and abilities equivalent to students entering the junior level at four-year colleges and universities.

• knowledge of literary traditions, periods, schools, styles, forms, and genres;
• practice in the creative process;
• acquaintance with various ways of reading and understanding texts; and
• experience with both analytical and creative writing.

• knowledge of literary traditions, periods, schools, styles, forms, and genres;
• practice in the creative process;
• acquaintance with various ways of reading and understanding texts; and
• experience with both analytical and creative writing.

• knowledge of literary traditions, periods, schools, styles, forms, and genres;
• practice in the creative process;
• acquaintance with various ways of reading and understanding texts; and
• experience with both analytical and creative writing.

• knowledge of literary traditions, periods, schools, styles, forms, and genres;
• practice in the creative process;
• acquaintance with various ways of reading and understanding texts; and
• experience with both analytical and creative writing.

• knowledge of literary traditions, periods, schools, styles, forms, and genres;
• practice in the creative process;
• acquaintance with various ways of reading and understanding texts; and
• experience with both analytical and creative writing.

This program aims to merge a knowledge and appreciation of the visual and performing arts with a foundation in the operating methods and business practices of the organizations and institutions which support and administer the arts. Students electing the arts management major should select an emphasis from among art, theatre, or music.

This program aims to merge a knowledge and appreciation of the visual and performing arts with a foundation in the operating methods and business practices of the organizations and institutions which support and administer the arts. Students electing the arts management major should select an emphasis from among art, theatre, or music.

The arts, and music specifically, offer unique and personal ways for the individual to view, understand, and communicate about the world. The music program at Randolph-Macon offers all students the hands-on opportunity to explore the creative process of music, to form an understanding of the relationship between art and society, and to develop personal musicality through participation in ensembles, applied study, coursework in music history and music theory, technological applications, music industry coursework, research, internships, and pedagogy coursework.

Through the study and creation of literature, English majors can deepen their understanding of human nature, society, and history, while at the same time honing their powers of expression. The major thus caters to a wide variety of students, from those with a lifelong love of language and reading, to those who write poetry and fiction, to those eager to understand how language may be used to entertain, move, or persuade. English majors inevitably spend much time thinking and writing about the stuff of literature - abiding matters such as love, death, and power - but the insights they will take away about the wellsprings of human action, along with the skill to promote their views forcefully, have repeatedly shown themselves valuable in an array of professions as various as law, advertising, teaching, and politics.

A major in business offers students the opportunity to explore theories and concepts from accounting, business, and economics. Students study in an active learning environment and begin to understand and appreciate the complex nature of business organizations through applied economic theory. A major in business prepares students for a career in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in such fields as business and law. The major in business requires a common core of courses plus one of three concentrations: Finance, Management, or Marketing. All courses in the core and in each concentration must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

A major in business offers students the opportunity to explore theories and concepts from accounting, business, and economics. Students study in an active learning environment and begin to understand and appreciate the complex nature of business organizations through applied economic theory. A major in business prepares students for a career in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in such fields as business and law. The major in business requires a common core of courses plus one of three concentrations: Finance, Management, or Marketing. All courses in the core and in each concentration must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

In its full range of courses, the French section of the Modern Languages Department offers a program that balances language, civilization, and literature. In language, we seek to develop student proficiency in the four areas of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Courses at all levels are designed to provide continued opportunities to use the language in a variety of modes and settings, on campus and abroad. In addition, the French faculty believes that a multifaceted study of another culture sensitizes students to realities other than their own, encourages them to become more understanding of cultural differences at the same time as they are developing an appreciation for the literature and language which evolves from another culture.

The department offers a number of study abroad opportunities. Individual faculty members accompany groups of students to France and overseas territories like Martinique during the January term to teach such courses as French Culture and Society, Paris Old and New, French Cinema, Culture and Society of Martinique, and Paris in Literature among others. Through its affiliation with ISEP, the college has exchange programs with several universities in France and in the Francophone world. The college also offers an exchange program with the University of Nice that is fully funded by a scholarship.

This program aims to merge a knowledge and appreciation of the visual and performing arts with a foundation in the operating methods and business practices of the organizations and institutions which support and administer the arts. Students electing the arts management major should select an emphasis from among art, theatre, or music.

The study of accounting at Randolph-Macon College provides students with the opportunity to become fluent in the language of business within the unique setting of a liberal arts education. Students study accounting in an active learning environment incorporating theories and concepts from the fields of accounting, business, and economics. They learn to understand and appreciate the complex nature of business organizations. A major in accounting prepares students for a career in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in such fields as accounting, business, taxation, and law. All courses in the major and minor must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

Studio art is the discipline of making and creating works that have a visual and conceptual validity. The powers of observation and contemplation are vigorously trained and bonded to the forces of the intellect and the creative act.

The last four or five hundred years have marked the evolution of historical consciousness. In that time, history has not only become a form of thinking and knowing, it has become the essential condition of thought and knowledge. As the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga put it: "Historical thinking has entered our very blood." This means that today we describe and understand every human experience and endeavor not through their material, spiritual, or psychic characteristics but through their history.

In the midst of a society undergoing change, there is a need for responsible citizens to understand the process of change. In analyzing the transformations of societies of other times, history students acquire the analytical tools for better comprehending their own social environment. In addition, the study of history provides a vocabulary of examples of human activity, which brings greater awareness to the study of other intellectual disciplines. Shakespeare's plays, for example, take a deeper resonance when seen against a background of economic, political, and social change in the Tudor and Stuart dynasties.

The history major and minor aim at more than guiding students toward learning about the past. They also train students to think critically, research effectively, and write lucidly. Students learn, through classroom experience and examinations, as well as through individual research projects, how to analyze both the form and content of source material; how to discern historical trends and patterns; how to postulate theses and support them with evidence; and how to present conclusions in a compelling, well-organized fashion. Courses also train students to communicate effectively in a public setting. The history major can also include a study-abroad and/or an internship experience. The particular point of view of this department is that history can best be learned when there is close collaboration between teacher and student. To that end, classes are kept small, even at the introductory level, and thereby considerable personal attention can be given to a student's work by the professor.

HIST 300 Historical Methods; Historiography is a prerequisite for history internships and capstones and must be completed by majors prior to their senior year.

This program aims to merge a knowledge and appreciation of the visual and performing arts with a foundation in the operating methods and business practices of the organizations and institutions which support and administer the arts. Students electing the arts management major should select an emphasis from among art, theatre, or music.

A major in business offers students the opportunity to explore theories and concepts from accounting, business, and economics. Students study in an active learning environment and begin to understand and appreciate the complex nature of business organizations through applied economic theory. A major in business prepares students for a career in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in such fields as business and law. The major in business requires a common core of courses plus one of three concentrations: Finance, Management, or Marketing. All courses in the core and in each concentration must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

In its full range of courses, the German section of the Modern Languages Department seeks to develop student proficiency in four areas:

• listening,
• speaking,
• reading, and
• writing.

Courses at all levels are designed to provide continued opportunities for use of the language in a variety of modes and settings, on campus and abroad. In addition to imparting linguistic skills, the German section of the Modern Languages Department nurtures critical thinking and synthesis in a program balancing language, civilization, and literature. The German faculty believes that a multifaceted study of another culture sensitizes students to realities other than their own, and encourages them to become more understanding of cultural differences at the same time that they are developing an appreciation for the literature which evolves from another culture.

The department offers a number of study abroad opportunities. The college has established a fall and spring semester program in Marburg. In addition, through its affiliation with ISEP, the college has exchange programs with several universities in Germany and Austria.

We also encourage students of junior and senior status to participate in field studies and projects that will enable them to enter the fields of business, industry, government, health, or social services. Internships provide several weeks of practical application of knowledge related to German culture and language. Prerequisite: GERM 245 Conversation and Film:The Context of the Two Wars or similar. See also Internship Program.

In its full range of courses, the Spanish section of the Modern Languages Department seeks to develop student proficiency in four areas:

• listening,
• speaking,
• reading, and
• writing.

Courses at all levels are designed to provide continued opportunities for use of the language in a variety of modes and settings, on campus, in the Ashland and Richmond communities, and abroad. In addition to imparting linguistic skills, the Spanish section of the Modern Languages Department nurtures critical thinking and synthesis in a program balancing language, civilization and culture, literary and linguistic skills, and professional skills. The Spanish faculty believes that a multifaceted study of another language and culture sensitizes students to realities other than their own, permits them to become less ethnocentric and more understanding of cultural differences, while also developing an appreciation for people of other cultures.

The department encourages students to learn more about the language and cultures through a study abroad experience. The Office of International Education offers a number of study abroad opportunities, and Spanish faculty members offer occasional January Term travel courses. In addition, through its affiliation with ISEP, the college has exchange programs with several universities in the Hispanic world.

The prerequisites for all 300-level courses are one Spanish grammar course and one Spanish reading course.

The prerequisites for the Capstone Seminar course are at least two courses at the 300-level in Spanish and junior standing.

The communication studies discipline is in rhetoric, a time-honored art central since Classical times to a liberal arts education. Historically built on performed oral rhetoric and the rhetorical criticism of public ad dress, the discipline has turned in more of a social science direction in the latter 20th century and developed a considerable body of theory and research in interpersonal, small-group, intercultural, organizational, and political communication. In addition, the discipline has applied both rhetorical and social science perspectives to the growing number of converging media. Thus, communication studies is a field that today is truly interdisciplinary, sitting at the juncture of the humanities, fine arts, and social sciences.

In addition, communication studies serves as a foundation to the pursuit of many careers ranging from work in media and public relations to that within political, healthcare, or business contexts. Through an internship, cognate coursework, and co-curricular activities, a major may further explore these career opportunities. The major has the following goals:

1. To introduce students to the theoretical underpinnings and extant research in the three major areas of the communication studies discipline (rhetoric, mass communication, human communication).
2. To give students the opportunity - should they desire - to concentrate in one of these three areas.
3. To equip students with the appropriate social science and/or rhetorical research methods and to provide them with opportunities to use them in independent research in the contexts of courses and especially the major's capstone course.
4. To equip students with the basic public, interpersonal, and group oral communication skills and to give them the opportunity to supplement these with either more specialized oral communication skills or written and/or visual communication skills.
5. To equip students with the fundamental background necessary for a wide range of communication careers and provide them with curricular and co-curricular opportunities to build on this background.

These goals are reflected in the following requirements.

Art history is the study of the expressions of social values and personal ideas through the arts. It spans the entirety of human experience, from the earliest traces of the arts in Paleolithic times, to the global variety of arts in contemporary times. Art history engages the student in the search for what unites peoples across time and space, and what makes each culture, each civilization, unique. By looking at the efforts of past artists, whether in architecture, painting, crafts, ceramics, photography, sculpture, calligraphy, or other forms, we see the ways in which our own desires to express social concerns, feelings, and beliefs share the shapes and purposes of the past.

Biology invites students to participate in the scientific study of living organisms in all their fascinating complexity from molecular and cellular processes to the functioning of the entire planet. Students majoring in biology may satisfy their curiosity about the workings of the natural world, define their strengths and interests, and become lifelong learners in one of hundreds of biology-related careers. All students undertaking a study of biology should receive a thorough grounding in biological principles, should understand the interdisciplinary connections between biology and the other sciences, and should realize that our knowledge of biology is built on scientific discovery. Our curriculum seeks to develop in students the values, habits, and practices of a scientist by allowing them to actually do biology beginning in their freshman year, continuing in subsequent upper division courses, and culminating in a capstone experience in the senior year. An innovative course (BIOL 121 Foundations of Experimental Biology), taken during the freshman year, engages students in discovery-based laboratory exercises. Biology majors will also deepen their understanding of molecular biology (BIOL 123 Principles in Molecular Biology), genetics (BIOL 200 Genetics), and evolution (BIOL 205 Evolution) and are subsequently provided with an intensive and balanced learning experience by taking at least one course from each of the three major sub-disciplines of contemporary biology including:

1. cell and molecular biology
2. organismal biology, and
3. ecology.

Each student works closely with an adviser to select upper-level courses for an individualized curriculum to prepare for a field in medicine, allied health science, ecology, environmental science, or graduate studies in biology. Finally, each student will take a capstone course (BIOL 499 Biology Capstone), which reinforces the skills and abilities developed in the major by having students read the primary literature and discuss the work with the scientists who conducted the studies. All biology students are also encouraged to participate in research early in their college career by taking research courses and by participating in summer research through the College's Shapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship program (SURF).

Many graduate and professional programs require the completion of additional courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and the humanities. Prospective biology majors should meet with a departmental adviser in their career area(s) of interest at or before the beginning of the sophomore year.

Students in the Department of Classics pursue a major in classical studies in order to read the actual words of the ancient texts, to understand and appreciate these writings both in the original languages and in translation, and to understand and appreciate Greek and Roman history and culture. The major and minor programs in classical studies are intended for students who are seeking a broad liberal arts program which focuses on the ancient world.

Economics is the study of scarcity, choice, and tradeoffs. Scarcity exists because productive resources are limited but human wants are unlimited. As a result, all societies, households, and firms must make choices and these choices inevitably involve tradeoffs. The major in economics develops the essential skills for understanding economic problems in many contexts. It prepares students for careers in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in economics, business, public policy, and law. All courses in the major and minor must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

Students in the classics department study the Greek language in order to read the actual words of the ancient texts, including the Greek New Testament, to understand and appreciate these writings both in the original languages and in translation, and to understand and appreciate Greek culture. A major in Greek is an excellent preparation for graduate studies in classics, ancient history, archaeology, divinity, or law.

Students study the Latin language in order to read the actual words of the ancient texts, to understand and appreciate these writings both in the original languages and in translation, and to understand and appreciate Roman history and culture. Students who plan to teach Latin in secondary schools should major in Latin and complete the teacher preparation program. A major in Latin is an excellent preparation for graduate studies in classics, ancient history, archaeology, divinity, or law.

Political science in the broadest sense is the study of the institutions of power in society. The political science department strives to impart to its students knowledge and understanding of these institutions of power, the habits and skills of lifelong learning in our discipline, the ability to develop tools to interpret political activity in later life, and an appreciation of the responsibilities of citizenship in our democracy. The knowledge, tools, and skills learned in the department's courses are also intended to give students a strong foundation for graduate study in political science, public administration, law, or other disciplines and to prepare them for professional careers in public service, politics, interest group representation, business, journalism, teaching, and other professions.

Liberally educated students should achieve an understanding of self and of others that enables them to function effectively in diverse intellectual, occupational, and interpersonal pursuits. Psychology, which focuses on the nature and causes of action, experience, and mental activity, can play a central role in achieving this educational aim. The psychology curriculum provides intensive instruction in psychological theory and methodology and exposes students to important applications of psychological knowledge. With its emphasis on critical reading and thinking, communication, and active learning, the required course work prepares students for graduate study in the social sciences, and is also well suited to students who plan to enter the world of work following graduation.

The content courses in the curriculum provide detailed coverage of fundamental processes in cognition, psychobiology, development, social interaction, and clinical applications. The courses in these areas share the same goal: they are designed to teach basic and advanced principles and methods and to promote analytical skills so that students may deal with complex phenomena, theoretical or applied, with an appropriate level of theoretical sophistication and critical evaluation.

The curriculum also includes extensive instruction and experience in research design and the scientific method; in addition to the required Research Methods course, all students are required to take one Advanced Research Projects course. This course will follow a specific prerequisite content course and give students an opportunity to evaluate the empirical and theoretical literature in an area and design and implement an original research project. Students considering graduate study in psychology are strongly encouraged to take an additional As course and do further collaborative or independent research under faculty supervision. To support the research activities of students, the psychology department has well-equipped, modern laboratories.

For students with an existing interest in a specific area of psychology, we offer the following emphases within the psychology major: Cognitive Science; Psychobiology; Developmental Psychology; Social Psychology; and Clinical Applications. To obtain such an emphasis, a student must take three courses from a certain category. For example, students interested in a Developmental emphasis could take PSYC 330, PSYC 339, and PSYC 332. Although the emphasis is not an official designation on the diploma, it is recognized within the department and can be mentioned in letters of application or recommendation for graduate education or employment opportunities following graduation.

The department offers many other opportunities for interested students to become involved in research and practice outside of the classroom. Each external site is chosen for its relevance to the student's interests, abilities, and goals. Sites often selected include hospitals, centers for emotionally disturbed children, businesses, schools, law-enforcement agencies, and community mental health centers. The field study and internship programs encourage students to relate theory to observation and provide experiences that help students to choose occupational and educational goals wisely. Both are highly recommended for students planning to do graduate work in applied areas such as clinical, counseling, or industrial/organizational psychology. Students may complete up to six hours in internships, field studies, or a combination of the two; however, only three hours will count toward the fulfillment of the major. In addition to internships and field studies, experiential opportunities are available in travel courses and various course and department-related service projects.

Any PSYC 100-level course partially fulfills the Area of Knowledge requirement in the Social Sciences, as does PSYC 200.

PSYC 200 is a prerequisite for all psychology courses above the 100 level. Students considering a major in psychology are encouraged to take this course as soon as possible. Students planning to major in psychology must obtain departmental approval and must earn a grade of C- or better in PSYC 200 before they can take the remaining PSYC courses. Successful completion of PSYC 201 with a C- or better is the prerequisite for 300-level courses in psychology. PSYC 433 is open to all seniors who have successfully completed PSYC 200, PSYC 201, and two 300-level courses.

Majors are encouraged to fulfill collegiate requirements in the natural sciences by taking at least one course in biology. Students with weaker preparation in mathematics are advised to take MATH 105 prior to taking PSYC 201. Students who are considering graduate school should enroll in MATH 113 (or MATH 111) and are encouraged to include among their electives an additional Advanced Research Projects course and a senior project in which students spend their senior year working on an original research project with a faculty member.

The Theatre Program at Randolph-Macon College emphasizes a balance between history, literature, theory, and creating for the stage within a liberal arts context. Students participate directly in collaborative theatre-making practices, with numerous opportunities for hands-on experiential learning, in an environment that nurtures creativity. The liberal arts student also learns the value of how these tools can complement a wide variety of professions and industries.

The major in applied mathematics combines classical study of mathematics with modern computational methods and applications to other disciplines. Students pursuing the major will develop multiple modes of evidence including proof, simulation, computation, and visualization, and they will apply their skills to real-world problems in courses taught by mathematics faculty and in a chosen cross-disciplinary area.

Biology invites students to participate in the scientific study of living organisms in all their fascinating complexity from molecular and cellular processes to the functioning of the entire planet. Students majoring in biology may satisfy their curiosity about the workings of the natural world, define their strengths and interests, and become lifelong learners in one of hundreds of biology-related careers. All students undertaking a study of biology should receive a thorough grounding in biological principles, should understand the interdisciplinary connections between biology and the other sciences, and should realize that our knowledge of biology is built on scientific discovery. Our curriculum seeks to develop in students the values, habits, and practices of a scientist by allowing them to actually do biology beginning in their freshman year, continuing in subsequent upper division courses, and culminating in a capstone experience in the senior year. An innovative course (BIOL 121 Foundations of Experimental Biology), taken during the freshman year, engages students in discovery-based laboratory exercises. Biology majors will also deepen their understanding of molecular biology (BIOL 123 Principles in Molecular Biology), genetics (BIOL 200 Genetics), and evolution (BIOL 205 Evolution) and are subsequently provided with an intensive and balanced learning experience by taking at least one course from each of the three major sub-disciplines of contemporary biology including:

1. cell and molecular biology
2. organismal biology, and
3. ecology.

Each student works closely with an adviser to select upper-level courses for an individualized curriculum to prepare for a field in medicine, allied health science, ecology, environmental science, or graduate studies in biology. Finally, each student will take a capstone course (BIOL 499 Biology Capstone), which reinforces the skills and abilities developed in the major by having students read the primary literature and discuss the work with the scientists who conducted the studies. All biology students are also encouraged to participate in research early in their college career by taking research courses and by participating in summer research through the College's Shapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship program (SURF).

Many graduate and professional programs require the completion of additional courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and the humanities. Prospective biology majors should meet with a departmental adviser in their career area(s) of interest at or before the beginning of the sophomore year.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

The computer science curriculum integrates theory and practice by including foundational topics that underpin the discipline and by emphasizing the value of abstraction and good engineering design in project development. Elective courses provide an opportunity for deeper study in areas of interest. An important part of the curriculum is the inclusion of professional practice activities such as research experience, teamwork, oral communication and technical writing, and project development. While being sensitive to changes in technology, the curriculum also seeks to prepare students for lifelong learning to enable them to meet future challenges.

A student expecting to major or minor in computer science should enroll in CSCI 111-CSCI 112 in the first year. If credit is given for one or both of these courses, then a student should enroll in CSCI 211 or CSCI 210. A student interested in future graduate studies should complete the two calculus sequences, MATH 131-MATH 132. A student interested in computer hardware is encouraged to select PHYS 210 to meet one of the collegiate science requirements.

Mathematics is the language of the sciences, and the analytical tool of many disciplines. In its own right, mathematics is one of the finest inventions of civilization, demanding both creativity and rigor. At Randolph-Macon College, the mathematics curriculum is designed to serve a broad variety of interests. Courses in calculus, statistics, modeling, finite mathematics, and logic are available to all students and provide one of the cornerstones of a liberal arts education.

Students pursuing the mathematics major or minor are expected to gain an appreciation of mathematical rigor, the process whereby propositions are logically deduced from general premises. Such study should enable students to apply greater clarity and precision of thought to their future endeavors and promote higher order thinking and habits of mind suitable for effective problem-solving. The curriculum includes courses in both theoretical and applied mathematics. Each student should be able to develop a course of study which will serve as the foundation for graduate work or for a career that requires well-developed analytical skills. A major in mathematics may lead to graduate study in many fields, e.g. mathematics, statistics, computer science, economics, or operations research. The program also provides excellent preparation for a career in law, medicine, business, or engineering.

The department offers a program of lecture and laboratory courses to guide students on an exploration of the basic processes in their physical environment. The dynamic interplay between theory and experiment provides a key component of the intellectual life of the department's faculty and students. Through classroom and laboratory exercises and supervised research projects, students are encouraged to integrate their experience with important physical principles, to formulate well-posed problems, to produce and evaluate solutions, and to communicate their conclusions. Computers are used in several courses as tools in this chain of reasoning, to enhance the collection and analysis of experimental data and to model and display theoretical concepts. The study of physics focuses on the interrelation of complex phenomena and a critical evaluation of conclusions.

A major in physics prepares students for entry-level positions in research, development, scientific programming, technical writing, teaching, and other positions requiring technical skills. It is also appropriate for students wishing to pursue graduate study in physics; related professions, such as astrophysics, biophysics, meteorology or oceanography; or other professions, such as engineering, medicine, business, or law. A minor in physics enhances students' comprehension of technical phenomena.

In addition to offering a major and a minor in physics and engineering physics, a major in engineering, and a minor in astrophysics, the department participates in several cooperative programs. Students wishing to combine a liberal arts education with an undergraduate engineering degree should inquire about the engineering programs in cooperation with the University of Virginia. This program leads to undergraduate degrees from Randolph-Macon and either bachelor's or master's degrees from the cooperating institution. In a cooperative program with the U.S. Navy, students may spend alternate semesters at Randolph-Macon and at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia, where they participate in a work-training program, for which they are remunerated.

Grades of C- or better in PHYS 151 and PHYS 152 are required for acceptance into the advanced programs described above. Physics majors participating in the cooperative engineering programs must complete the physics core and collegiate requirements with a B+ average in science and mathematics courses as well as overall.

Students interested in any of these programs are encouraged to meet as early as possible with a member of the physics department to plan their collegiate program of study: Astrophysics - Professor Rodruck; Engineering or Engineering Physics - Professor McLeskey; Physics - Professor Woolard; Physics teaching certification - Professor Dominguez; Co-op Engineering - Professor McLeskey.

Students majoring in physics are also required to participate in assessment activities administered by the department or by the college.

The department highly encourages each student to participate in research opportunities outside of their normal course work. PHYS 271-PHYS 274, the college's Schapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program (SURF) and the NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) are some examples of programs which provide students unique research experiences. Students who successfully complete SURF, REU or other research internship programs may request research proficiency for PHYS 400 and substitute another elective course on the physics major. Review of the student's work and permission of the department is required.

The arts, and music specifically, offer unique and personal ways for the individual to view, understand, and communicate about the world. The music program at Randolph-Macon offers all students the hands-on opportunity to explore the creative process of music, to form an understanding of the relationship between art and society, and to develop personal musicality through participation in ensembles, applied study, coursework in music history and music theory, technological applications, music industry coursework, research, internships, and pedagogy coursework.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Through the study and creation of literature, English majors can deepen their understanding of human nature, society, and history, while at the same time honing their powers of expression. The major thus caters to a wide variety of students, from those with a lifelong love of language and reading, to those who write poetry and fiction, to those eager to understand how language may be used to entertain, move, or persuade. English majors inevitably spend much time thinking and writing about the stuff of literature - abiding matters such as love, death, and power - but the insights they will take away about the wellsprings of human action, along with the skill to promote their views forcefully, have repeatedly shown themselves valuable in an array of professions as various as law, advertising, teaching, and politics.

In its full range of courses, the French section of the Modern Languages Department offers a program that balances language, civilization, and literature. In language, we seek to develop student proficiency in the four areas of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Courses at all levels are designed to provide continued opportunities to use the language in a variety of modes and settings, on campus and abroad. In addition, the French faculty believes that a multifaceted study of another culture sensitizes students to realities other than their own, encourages them to become more understanding of cultural differences at the same time as they are developing an appreciation for the literature and language which evolves from another culture.

The department offers a number of study abroad opportunities. Individual faculty members accompany groups of students to France and overseas territories like Martinique during the January term to teach such courses as French Culture and Society, Paris Old and New, French Cinema, Culture and Society of Martinique, and Paris in Literature among others. Through its affiliation with ISEP, the college has exchange programs with several universities in France and in the Francophone world. The college also offers an exchange program with the University of Nice that is fully funded by a scholarship.

Study Abroad Courses in France

Thanks to our own exchange programs and our association with the International Students Exchange program (ISEP), students have numerous options for study abroad. A few of these include universities in Le mans, Angers, Besancon, Nice, Montpelier, Aix-en-Provence, and St. Etienne.

Below is a sample of language and culture courses that are available at all French universities.

The minimum prerequisites for all courses taught in France are FREN 232 Becoming Better Speakers: Conversing in French and FREN 240 Becoming Better Readers: Reading and Writing in French or permission of the department.

In its full range of courses, the German section of the Modern Languages Department seeks to develop student proficiency in four areas:

• listening,
• speaking,
• reading, and
• writing.

Courses at all levels are designed to provide continued opportunities for use of the language in a variety of modes and settings, on campus and abroad. In addition to imparting linguistic skills, the German section of the Modern Languages Department nurtures critical thinking and synthesis in a program balancing language, civilization, and literature. The German faculty believes that a multifaceted study of another culture sensitizes students to realities other than their own, and encourages them to become more understanding of cultural differences at the same time that they are developing an appreciation for the literature which evolves from another culture.

The department offers a number of study abroad opportunities. The college has established a fall and spring semester program in Marburg. In addition, through its affiliation with ISEP, the college has exchange programs with several universities in Germany and Austria.

We also encourage students of junior and senior status to participate in field studies and projects that will enable them to enter the fields of business, industry, government, health, or social services. Internships provide several weeks of practical application of knowledge related to German culture and language. Prerequisite: GERM 245 Conversation and Film:The Context of the Two Wars or similar. See also Internship Program.

The last four or five hundred years have marked the evolution of historical consciousness. In that time, history has not only become a form of thinking and knowing, it has become the essential condition of thought and knowledge. As the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga put it: "Historical thinking has entered our very blood." This means that today we describe and understand every human experience and endeavor not through their material, spiritual, or psychic characteristics but through their history.

In the midst of a society undergoing change, there is a need for responsible citizens to understand the process of change. In analyzing the transformations of societies of other times, history students acquire the analytical tools for better comprehending their own social environment. In addition, the study of history provides a vocabulary of examples of human activity, which brings greater awareness to the study of other intellectual disciplines. Shakespeare's plays, for example, take a deeper resonance when seen against a background of economic, political, and social change in the Tudor and Stuart dynasties.

The history major and minor aim at more than guiding students toward learning about the past. They also train students to think critically, research effectively, and write lucidly. Students learn, through classroom experience and examinations, as well as through individual research projects, how to analyze both the form and content of source material; how to discern historical trends and patterns; how to postulate theses and support them with evidence; and how to present conclusions in a compelling, well-organized fashion. Courses also train students to communicate effectively in a public setting. The history major can also include a study-abroad and/or an internship experience. The particular point of view of this department is that history can best be learned when there is close collaboration between teacher and student. To that end, classes are kept small, even at the introductory level, and thereby considerable personal attention can be given to a student's work by the professor.

HIST 300 Historical Methods; Historiography is a prerequisite for history internships and capstones and must be completed by majors prior to their senior year.

The goal of the writing minor is to heighten students' ability to use the written word effectively and with style. Designed to meet the different needs of individual students, the minor not only lay the foundation for successful careers in fields requiring mastery of lucid prose (such as law, medicine, screenwriting, and journalism), but also nurtures the expressive powers of those who, through fiction, poetry, or other creative writing, see writing as a form of self-discovery.

The program leading to a minor in astrophysics provides the student with a unique perspective for understanding the physical universe. A basic foundation in classical and contemporary physics is strengthened by examining how these principles apply throughout the cosmos.

Biology invites students to participate in the scientific study of living organisms in all their fascinating complexity from molecular and cellular processes to the functioning of the entire planet. Students majoring in biology may satisfy their curiosity about the workings of the natural world, define their strengths and interests, and become lifelong learners in one of hundreds of biology-related careers. All students undertaking a study of biology should receive a thorough grounding in biological principles, should understand the interdisciplinary connections between biology and the other sciences, and should realize that our knowledge of biology is built on scientific discovery. Our curriculum seeks to develop in students the values, habits, and practices of a scientist by allowing them to actually do biology beginning in their freshman year, continuing in subsequent upper division courses, and culminating in a capstone experience in the senior year. An innovative course (BIOL 121 Foundations of Experimental Biology), taken during the freshman year, engages students in discovery-based laboratory exercises. Biology majors will also deepen their understanding of molecular biology (BIOL 123 Principles in Molecular Biology), genetics (BIOL 200 Genetics), and evolution (BIOL 205 Evolution) and are subsequently provided with an intensive and balanced learning experience by taking at least one course from each of the three major sub-disciplines of contemporary biology including:

1. cell and molecular biology
2. organismal biology, and
3. ecology.

Each student works closely with an adviser to select upper-level courses for an individualized curriculum to prepare for a field in medicine, allied health science, ecology, environmental science, or graduate studies in biology. Finally, each student will take a capstone course (BIOL 499 Biology Capstone), which reinforces the skills and abilities developed in the major by having students read the primary literature and discuss the work with the scientists who conducted the studies. All biology students are also encouraged to participate in research early in their college career by taking research courses and by participating in summer research through the College's Shapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship program (SURF).

Many graduate and professional programs require the completion of additional courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and the humanities. Prospective biology majors should meet with a departmental adviser in their career area(s) of interest at or before the beginning of the sophomore year.

Economics is the study of scarcity, choice, and tradeoffs. Scarcity exists because productive resources are limited but human wants are unlimited. As a result, all societies, households, and firms must make choices and these choices inevitably involve tradeoffs. The major in economics develops the essential skills for understanding economic problems in many contexts. It prepares students for careers in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in economics, business, public policy, and law. All courses in the major and minor must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

The minor in journalism is a rigorous preparation for a career in print media that culminates in work- shop style copy-editing courses and internships. Its goal is to produce students skilled in effective journalistic writing and editing, yet the journalism minor is more than simply vocational; it also aims to provide an historical knowledge and a sociological understanding of one of the shaping forces of our culture.

Mathematics is the language of the sciences, and the analytical tool of many disciplines. In its own right, mathematics is one of the finest inventions of civilization, demanding both creativity and rigor. At Randolph-Macon College, the mathematics curriculum is designed to serve a broad variety of interests. Courses in calculus, statistics, modeling, finite mathematics, and logic are available to all students and provide one of the cornerstones of a liberal arts education.

Students pursuing the mathematics major or minor are expected to gain an appreciation of mathematical rigor, the process whereby propositions are logically deduced from general premises. Such study should enable students to apply greater clarity and precision of thought to their future endeavors and promote higher order thinking and habits of mind suitable for effective problem-solving. The curriculum includes courses in both theoretical and applied mathematics. Each student should be able to develop a course of study which will serve as the foundation for graduate work or for a career that requires well-developed analytical skills. A major in mathematics may lead to graduate study in many fields, e.g. mathematics, statistics, computer science, economics, or operations research. The program also provides excellent preparation for a career in law, medicine, business, or engineering.

The department offers a program of lecture and laboratory courses to guide students on an exploration of the basic processes in their physical environment. The dynamic interplay between theory and experiment provides a key component of the intellectual life of the department's faculty and students. Through classroom and laboratory exercises and supervised research projects, students are encouraged to integrate their experience with important physical principles, to formulate well-posed problems, to produce and evaluate solutions, and to communicate their conclusions. Computers are used in several courses as tools in this chain of reasoning, to enhance the collection and analysis of experimental data and to model and display theoretical concepts. The study of physics focuses on the interrelation of complex phenomena and a critical evaluation of conclusions.

A major in physics prepares students for entry-level positions in research, development, scientific programming, technical writing, teaching, and other positions requiring technical skills. It is also appropriate for students wishing to pursue graduate study in physics; related professions, such as astrophysics, biophysics, meteorology or oceanography; or other professions, such as engineering, medicine, business, or law. A minor in physics enhances students' comprehension of technical phenomena.

In addition to offering a major and a minor in physics and engineering physics, a major in engineering, and a minor in astrophysics, the department participates in several cooperative programs. Students wishing to combine a liberal arts education with an undergraduate engineering degree should inquire about the engineering programs in cooperation with the University of Virginia. This program leads to undergraduate degrees from Randolph-Macon and either bachelor's or master's degrees from the cooperating institution. In a cooperative program with the U.S. Navy, students may spend alternate semesters at Randolph-Macon and at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia, where they participate in a work-training program, for which they are remunerated.

Grades of C- or better in PHYS 151 and PHYS 152 are required for acceptance into the advanced programs described above. Physics majors participating in the cooperative engineering programs must complete the physics core and collegiate requirements with a B+ average in science and mathematics courses as well as overall.

Students interested in any of these programs are encouraged to meet as early as possible with a member of the physics department to plan their collegiate program of study: Astrophysics - Professor Rodruck; Engineering or Engineering Physics - Professor McLeskey; Physics - Professor Woolard; Physics teaching certification - Professor Dominguez; Co-op Engineering - Professor McLeskey.

Students majoring in physics are also required to participate in assessment activities administered by the department or by the college.

The department highly encourages each student to participate in research opportunities outside of their normal course work. PHYS 271-PHYS 274, the college's Schapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program (SURF) and the NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) are some examples of programs which provide students unique research experiences. Students who successfully complete SURF, REU or other research internship programs may request research proficiency for PHYS 400 and substitute another elective course on the physics major. Review of the student's work and permission of the department is required.

Political science in the broadest sense is the study of the institutions of power in society. The political science department strives to impart to its students knowledge and understanding of these institutions of power, the habits and skills of lifelong learning in our discipline, the ability to develop tools to interpret political activity in later life, and an appreciation of the responsibilities of citizenship in our democracy. The knowledge, tools, and skills learned in the department's courses are also intended to give students a strong foundation for graduate study in political science, public administration, law, or other disciplines and to prepare them for professional careers in public service, politics, interest group representation, business, journalism, teaching, and other professions.

In its full range of courses, the Spanish section of the Modern Languages Department seeks to develop student proficiency in four areas:

• listening,
• speaking,
• reading, and
• writing.

Courses at all levels are designed to provide continued opportunities for use of the language in a variety of modes and settings, on campus, in the Ashland and Richmond communities, and abroad. In addition to imparting linguistic skills, the Spanish section of the Modern Languages Department nurtures critical thinking and synthesis in a program balancing language, civilization and culture, literary and linguistic skills, and professional skills. The Spanish faculty believes that a multifaceted study of another language and culture sensitizes students to realities other than their own, permits them to become less ethnocentric and more understanding of cultural differences, while also developing an appreciation for people of other cultures.

The department encourages students to learn more about the language and cultures through a study abroad experience. The Office of International Education offers a number of study abroad opportunities, and Spanish faculty members offer occasional January Term travel courses. In addition, through its affiliation with ISEP, the college has exchange programs with several universities in the Hispanic world.

The prerequisites for all 300-level courses are one Spanish grammar course and one Spanish reading course.

The prerequisites for the Capstone Seminar course are at least two courses at the 300-level in Spanish and junior standing.

Our program encourages you to examine the ideals of governance, politics and responsible citizenship — both in your own life and on the world stage.

Seminar-style classes allow you to take a proactive approach to problem-solving in governance, equipping you with both the insight and skill to affect public policy. Many of our graduates currently work as lawyers, judges, policy experts, professors and political advisors.