The department offers a four-year B.S. degree program for a major in biology and for a major in biology qualifying for the Secondary Collegiate Professional License. Requirements for the B.A. degree can be met by adding the completion of an intermediate level foreign language and three credit hours in philosophy. Students may not receive dual credit toward the biology major for 300- and 400-level BIO courses that are applied toward the biotechnology major.

Biology majors must complete 40 credit hours of biology courses including 16 credit hours at the 300 and 400 level. Specific requirements include four core courses (BIO 140, BIO 150, BIO 240 and BIO 250), at least two upper-division laboratory courses and one course from a list of courses with an emphasis on organismal diversity. In addition, biology majors must complete a set of cognate courses in chemistry, mathematics, statistics and physics that are listed below. Students are encouraged to participate in independent research with a faculty mentor. Credits earned doing research will count toward the biology major but some restrictions apply.

When requested, senior biology majors are expected to participate in program assessment test activities as a graduation requirement. Assessment information helps the department modify the curriculum to meet student needs.

Biotechnology at JMU is a 4-year interdisciplinary major leading to a B.S. degree. The program is shared among the Departments of Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Integrated Science and Technology (ISAT). Students undertake a rigorous curriculum rich with hands-on laboratory experiences, critical analyses of both the "how" and the "why" of biotechnological solutions, and the development of transferable skills to keep up in a rapidly changing field. The combination of both scientific/technical depth and cross-disciplinary breadth allow graduates to pursue diverse career paths in industry, government and advanced studies.

Biotechnology majors must complete 47-50 credit hours of science foundation courses, 17 credit hours of biotechnology transition and core courses, and 15 credit hours of elective courses. Each student works with an assigned academic adviser to develop an individualized portfolio of upper level course work to best meet her/his unique interests and goals. Advanced courses are selected from an extensive list of Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, ISAT, Engineering, and Mathematics and Statistics offerings. Up to six credits of undergraduate research or internship experiences can be applied to the upper level electives requirement.

Students are eligible for a General Business Minor. Students may not receive dual credit toward the Biotechnology major for 300- and 400-level Biology courses that are applied toward the Biology major. Biotechnology majors are not eligible for the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Minor.

This rigorous major allows the exceptional student to focus on a solid foundation in chemistry with a study of biological systems, emphasizing hands-on learning, and leading to a career in biochemistry, chemistry, medicine, and interfaces with other areas such as materials science and engineering. Students take foundational lecture and laboratory courses in all sub-disciplines of chemistry: analytical, biochemistry, inorganic, organic, and physical: as well as biology, calculus and physics. The department also offers a major in chemistry and minors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Materials Science.

The Chemistry major focuses on the study of the composition and behavior of matter, emphasizing hands-on learning. Students take foundational lecture and laboratory courses in all sub-disciplines of chemistry: analytical, biochemistry, inorganic, organic and physical. There are opportunities to take advanced courses in these areas, as well as courses in cross disciplinary areas such as environmental, materials, nuclear and polymers.

The undergraduate experience is further enhanced by participation in undergraduate research with a faculty member, using modern laboratories and state-of-the-art instrumentation. Conducting research and presenting results builds technical, critical thinking and communication skills that are highly valued by graduate and professional schools, as well as industry and government employers.

The B.A. in Earth science degree is designed to integrate all the Earth sciences in a systems approach to understanding the Earth. This includes incorporating and integrating subjects such as oceanography, meteorology and astronomy. The emphasis is on the preparation of individuals to work in a wide range of professional public sector service careers where preparation in Earth science and communication of science to non-scientific audiences is a requirement or an asset. This includes the preparation of Earth science teachers.

The Geology major offers specialized study focusing on earth materials, internal and external earth processes, analysis of earth history and appreciation of geology to environmental and engineering issues. The program provides a strong theoretical background in geology while allowing students flexibility in choosing courses to prepare for a specific career in the geological sciences. Graduates have attained employment as geologists and environmental scientists, as well as entry into prestigious graduate schools.

The major prepares students to collect data in the field and laboratory on minerals, rocks, fossils, landforms and structures; properly use field and laboratory equipment; and construct accurate geologic maps and displays of geologic data. Geology Title use geologic data to write interpretive geological reports and histories of regions; solve environmental and economic geological problems, and critically evaluate the theories and conclusions of other earth and environmental scientists. Students will have the opportunity to engage in research with a diverse and professionally active faculty.

Integrated science and technology (ISAT) students learn about a broad range of scientific, technological, and social concepts and master concrete skills that will make them leaders in solving the real human problems that confront our world. Students start with a common foundations curriculum and then progress into more specialized technical areas of their choice during the junior and senior years. Studies in ISAT combine multiple scientific areas into one hands-on, integrated program in which students learn by working directly with technology and applying it to solve real-world problems.

ISAT graduates are successful in a broad range of professions and graduate schools. The program is both technical and flexible allowing students to customize a course sequence in preparation for a diverse array of technology-related careers.

As a Mathematics major, students will gain an increased understanding and appreciation for math as a universal language. Students can expect to use and build on skills such as thinking critically, formulating and solving problems and communicating solutions. Students will increase their ability to prove theorems, understand complex structure, and apply mathematics and statistics in many real-world settings. The program students choose will make it possible for them to acquire strong preparation for graduate work or for professional applications in mathematics and statistics, teaching, natural and social sciences or other technical areas.

There will also be opportunities for students to experience the challenge and rewards of faculty-mentored research. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in the numerous undergraduate research opportunities as well as individual and small group projects available in the department. Opportunities exist through the Center for Mathematical Modeling, the Office of Statistical Services, honors theses, and independent studies with individual faculty mentors.

Physics is the study of the laws of nature that describe the universe we see around us and the relationship of energy and matter. This includes the study of nature on every scale from the smallest subatomic particles to the evolution of the universe itself. The study of physics is more than the pursuit of basic scientific knowledge. It is the development of a way of thinking about problems whether learning what is inside a proton or how to use knowledge from biology, chemistry or geology to solve an interesting practical problem.

In this major, students will be immersed in a program that integrates a comprehensive classroom curriculum with extensive hands-on experience working in research laboratories with our faculty. Students have opportunities to work both on campus and at national and international facilities to conduct research in nuclear physics and astronomy, and use state-of-the-art equipment on campus in materials, computational physics and non-linear dynamics. To find out more about the major and what the program is like consult the Physics & Astronomy program page.

As a quantitative finance major (QFIN), your course of study will result in a B.S. degree with minors in economics and math (or a double major with math) rather than a B.B.A.

This major is a highly structured program and you must begin your mathematics courses in your freshman year in order to progress through the major in a timely manner. The required major coursework provides you with the foundation and tools for a variety of financial situations and problem solving, while electives permit you to emphasize economics, mathematics, statistics or finance.

The Statistics major is designed for students who have an interest in the mathematics of statistics or plan to go to graduate school in statistics. Students choose one of two tracks: applied statistics and mathematical statistics. This major emphasizes probability and the theory of statistics and provides opportunities for additional study in applied and theoretical statistics as well as mathematics. Students are encouraged to take elective courses offered by the department that will prepare them for graduate studies.

If students are interested in the applications of statistics and they are planning to seek employment upon graduation as a practicing statistician, they are advised to choose the applied statistics track. Emphasis in this track is on the applications of statistics to various fields of study. Students will take courses on the design and analysis of experiments, regression analysis and sample surveys, as well as other courses in applied and theoretical statistics, probability and mathematics. Students who choose the applied statistics track are encouraged to take as many elective courses as possible in applied fields of their choice.

The department offers a four-year B.S. degree program for a major in biology and for a major in biology qualifying for the Secondary Collegiate Professional License. Requirements for the B.A. degree can be met by adding the completion of an intermediate level foreign language and three credit hours in philosophy. Students may not receive dual credit toward the biology major for 300- and 400-level BIO courses that are applied toward the biotechnology major.

Biology majors must complete 40 credit hours of biology courses including 16 credit hours at the 300 and 400 level. Specific requirements include four core courses (BIO 140, BIO 150, BIO 240 and BIO 250), at least two upper-division laboratory courses and one course from a list of courses with an emphasis on organismal diversity. In addition, biology majors must complete a set of cognate courses in chemistry, mathematics, statistics and physics that are listed below. Students are encouraged to participate in independent research with a faculty mentor. Credits earned doing research will count toward the biology major but some restrictions apply.

When requested, senior biology majors are expected to participate in program assessment test activities as a graduation requirement. Assessment information helps the department modify the curriculum to meet student needs.

As a Mathematics major, students will gain an increased understanding and appreciation for math as a universal language. Students can expect to use and build on skills such as thinking critically, formulating and solving problems and communicating solutions. Students will increase their ability to prove theorems, understand complex structure, and apply mathematics and statistics in many real-world settings. The program students choose will make it possible for them to acquire strong preparation for graduate work or for professional applications in mathematics and statistics, teaching, natural and social sciences or other technical areas.

There will also be opportunities for students to experience the challenge and rewards of faculty-mentored research. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in the numerous undergraduate research opportunities as well as individual and small group projects available in the department. Opportunities exist through the Center for Mathematical Modeling, the Office of Statistical Services, honors theses, and independent studies with individual faculty mentors.

Physics is the study of the laws of nature that describe the universe we see around us and the relationship of energy and matter. This includes the study of nature on every scale from the smallest subatomic particles to the evolution of the universe itself. The study of physics is more than the pursuit of basic scientific knowledge. It is the development of a way of thinking about problems whether learning what is inside a proton or how to use knowledge from biology, chemistry or geology to solve an interesting practical problem.

In this major, students will be immersed in a program that integrates a comprehensive classroom curriculum with extensive hands-on experience working in research laboratories with our faculty. Students have opportunities to work both on campus and at national and international facilities to conduct research in nuclear physics and astronomy, and use state-of-the-art equipment on campus in materials, computational physics and non-linear dynamics.

• independently conduct and evaluate scientific research;
• demonstrate effective oral and written scientific communication skills;
• understand the moral and ethical impact of science on their communities, both local and global; and
• integrate a range of scientific concepts and ideas.

The curriculum is designed to prepare students to transfer to a four-year college or university to complete a baccalaureate degree program with a major in one of the following fields: agriculture, biology, botany, pre-dentistry, forestry, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, neuroscience, pre-pharmacy, pre-physical therapy, pre-medicine, science education, pre-veterinary, or zoology.

This program is designed to prepare graduates for employment in entry-level positions at biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies as laboratory, research, or manufacturing technicians. Coursework will develop an understanding of basic scientific principles in biology and chemistry, and will emphasize laboratory techniques and procedures such as solution and media preparation, DNA purification and analysis, electrophoresis, chromatography, maintenance of cells in culture, and quality control techniques.

This curriculum is designed for individuals who plan to transfer to a four-year college or university to complete a baccalaureate degree program in business administration with a major in accounting, business management, decision science and management, information systems, finance, marketing, etc.

The curriculum is designed for individuals who seek employment in business management or for those presently in management who are seeking promotion. Job opportunities include administrative assistant, management trainee, department head, branch manager, office manager, manager of small business, and supervisor.

This program is a flexible associate degree. For students who plan to transfer, the degree can parallel the first two years of a four-year bachelor of science program if they choose courses that match the transfer institution's requirements. For those students who do not plan to transfer, the degree allows them to structure a program to suit their needs using accumulated credits from a variety of formal and experiential sources.

This program is designed for individuals who plan to transfer to a four-year institution to complete a bachelor of arts (B.A.).

The curriculum is designed for individuals who are interested in a professional or scientific program and who plan to transfer to a four-year college or university to complete a baccalaureate degree with a major in one of the following fields: agriculture, biology, chemistry, pre-dentistry, forestry, geology, oceanography, pharmacy, physics, physical therapy, pre-medicine, science education, or mathematics.

The curriculum is designed for individuals who plan to transfer to a four-year college or university to complete a baccalaureate degree. This curriculum is designed to prepare students to major in one of the following fields: mathematics, mathematics education, statistics, operations research, applied mathematics, or computer science.

A major in business offers students the opportunity to explore theories and concepts from accounting, business, and economics. Students study in an active learning environment and begin to understand and appreciate the complex nature of business organizations through applied economic theory. A major in business prepares students for a career in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in such fields as business and law. The major in business requires a common core of courses plus one of three concentrations: Finance, Management, or Marketing. All courses in the core and in each concentration must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

A major in business offers students the opportunity to explore theories and concepts from accounting, business, and economics. Students study in an active learning environment and begin to understand and appreciate the complex nature of business organizations through applied economic theory. A major in business prepares students for a career in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in such fields as business and law. The major in business requires a common core of courses plus one of three concentrations: Finance, Management, or Marketing. All courses in the core and in each concentration must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

The last four or five hundred years have marked the evolution of historical consciousness. In that time, history has not only become a form of thinking and knowing, it has become the essential condition of thought and knowledge. As the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga put it: "Historical thinking has entered our very blood." This means that today we describe and understand every human experience and endeavor not through their material, spiritual, or psychic characteristics but through their history.

In the midst of a society undergoing change, there is a need for responsible citizens to understand the process of change. In analyzing the transformations of societies of other times, history students acquire the analytical tools for better comprehending their own social environment. In addition, the study of history provides a vocabulary of examples of human activity, which brings greater awareness to the study of other intellectual disciplines. Shakespeare's plays, for example, take a deeper resonance when seen against a background of economic, political, and social change in the Tudor and Stuart dynasties.

The history major and minor aim at more than guiding students toward learning about the past. They also train students to think critically, research effectively, and write lucidly. Students learn, through classroom experience and examinations, as well as through individual research projects, how to analyze both the form and content of source material; how to discern historical trends and patterns; how to postulate theses and support them with evidence; and how to present conclusions in a compelling, well-organized fashion. Courses also train students to communicate effectively in a public setting. The history major can also include a study-abroad and/or an internship experience. The particular point of view of this department is that history can best be learned when there is close collaboration between teacher and student. To that end, classes are kept small, even at the introductory level, and thereby considerable personal attention can be given to a student's work by the professor.

HIST 300 Historical Methods; Historiography is a prerequisite for history internships and capstones and must be completed by majors prior to their senior year.

A major in business offers students the opportunity to explore theories and concepts from accounting, business, and economics. Students study in an active learning environment and begin to understand and appreciate the complex nature of business organizations through applied economic theory. A major in business prepares students for a career in all business environments and provides an excellent foundation for graduate studies in such fields as business and law. The major in business requires a common core of courses plus one of three concentrations: Finance, Management, or Marketing. All courses in the core and in each concentration must be completed with a grade of C- or better.

Biology invites students to participate in the scientific study of living organisms in all their fascinating complexity from molecular and cellular processes to the functioning of the entire planet. Students majoring in biology may satisfy their curiosity about the workings of the natural world, define their strengths and interests, and become lifelong learners in one of hundreds of biology-related careers. All students undertaking a study of biology should receive a thorough grounding in biological principles, should understand the interdisciplinary connections between biology and the other sciences, and should realize that our knowledge of biology is built on scientific discovery. Our curriculum seeks to develop in students the values, habits, and practices of a scientist by allowing them to actually do biology beginning in their freshman year, continuing in subsequent upper division courses, and culminating in a capstone experience in the senior year. An innovative course (BIOL 121 Foundations of Experimental Biology), taken during the freshman year, engages students in discovery-based laboratory exercises. Biology majors will also deepen their understanding of molecular biology (BIOL 123 Principles in Molecular Biology), genetics (BIOL 200 Genetics), and evolution (BIOL 205 Evolution) and are subsequently provided with an intensive and balanced learning experience by taking at least one course from each of the three major sub-disciplines of contemporary biology including:

1. cell and molecular biology
2. organismal biology, and
3. ecology.

Each student works closely with an adviser to select upper-level courses for an individualized curriculum to prepare for a field in medicine, allied health science, ecology, environmental science, or graduate studies in biology. Finally, each student will take a capstone course (BIOL 499 Biology Capstone), which reinforces the skills and abilities developed in the major by having students read the primary literature and discuss the work with the scientists who conducted the studies. All biology students are also encouraged to participate in research early in their college career by taking research courses and by participating in summer research through the College's Shapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship program (SURF).

Many graduate and professional programs require the completion of additional courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and the humanities. Prospective biology majors should meet with a departmental adviser in their career area(s) of interest at or before the beginning of the sophomore year.

Behavioral Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary course of study within the broader framework of neuroscience that explores the impact of various aspects of behavior and environment on the brain's functions. In the Randolph-Macon behavioral neuroscience laboratory, students have explored the impact of parenting, enriched environments, chronic stress, exercise and various social interactions on behavioral and neural responses.

The behavioral neuroscience major exposes students to the fundamental elements of the discipline, bolstered by opportunities to conduct relevant original research and complete internships in various professional settings. In multiple courses, students will learn the fundamental properties of the nervous system in order to fully understand its integration with various aspects of behavior and mental processes. Due to its interdisciplinary nature, students will take relevant courses in several disciplines including the departments of psychology, biology, and chemistry.

Generally, the mission of the behavioral neuroscience major is to provide Randolph-Macon students with an opportunity to gain sufficient expertise/mastery to enable them to become critical thinkers in the discipline. Students will gain mastery in behavioral neuroscience (e.g., competence in critical thinking, science methodology, and communication skills) by conducting original research projects (and writing formal papers and presenting the information) as they progress through the Randolph-Macon behavioral neuroscience curriculum.

Socrates claimed that the unexamined life is not worth living. Why not? One reply is that since our unexamined opinions and values are often inseparable from who we are and how we conceive of ourselves, our satisfactions, our relations to others and reality itself, our lives, and the worth of our lives depend on our efforts to achieve greater understanding. The examination and critique of claims to truth and rightness is central to philosophical understanding, involving the gradual liberation from false beliefs and partial views of ourselves and our world. Because of this, it has an essential place in the liberal arts curriculum.

The aim of the philosophy department is to introduce students to the inquiries of important philosophers and to aid them in developing and in exercising their own critical, independent thought. To this end, philosophy courses encourage students to formulate issues and questions and to evaluate critically philosophers' arguments and their own in classroom discussion as well as in the writing of papers.

The major in applied mathematics combines classical study of mathematics with modern computational methods and applications to other disciplines. Students pursuing the major will develop multiple modes of evidence including proof, simulation, computation, and visualization, and they will apply their skills to real-world problems in courses taught by mathematics faculty and in a chosen cross-disciplinary area.

Biology invites students to participate in the scientific study of living organisms in all their fascinating complexity from molecular and cellular processes to the functioning of the entire planet. Students majoring in biology may satisfy their curiosity about the workings of the natural world, define their strengths and interests, and become lifelong learners in one of hundreds of biology-related careers. All students undertaking a study of biology should receive a thorough grounding in biological principles, should understand the interdisciplinary connections between biology and the other sciences, and should realize that our knowledge of biology is built on scientific discovery. Our curriculum seeks to develop in students the values, habits, and practices of a scientist by allowing them to actually do biology beginning in their freshman year, continuing in subsequent upper division courses, and culminating in a capstone experience in the senior year. An innovative course (BIOL 121 Foundations of Experimental Biology), taken during the freshman year, engages students in discovery-based laboratory exercises. Biology majors will also deepen their understanding of molecular biology (BIOL 123 Principles in Molecular Biology), genetics (BIOL 200 Genetics), and evolution (BIOL 205 Evolution) and are subsequently provided with an intensive and balanced learning experience by taking at least one course from each of the three major sub-disciplines of contemporary biology including:

1. cell and molecular biology
2. organismal biology, and
3. ecology.

Each student works closely with an adviser to select upper-level courses for an individualized curriculum to prepare for a field in medicine, allied health science, ecology, environmental science, or graduate studies in biology. Finally, each student will take a capstone course (BIOL 499 Biology Capstone), which reinforces the skills and abilities developed in the major by having students read the primary literature and discuss the work with the scientists who conducted the studies. All biology students are also encouraged to participate in research early in their college career by taking research courses and by participating in summer research through the College's Shapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship program (SURF).

Many graduate and professional programs require the completion of additional courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and the humanities. Prospective biology majors should meet with a departmental adviser in their career area(s) of interest at or before the beginning of the sophomore year.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

Engineering Physics is a multidisciplinary field of study with a curriculum that has the essential core coursework in engineering, coupled with elective courses in physics, biology, chemistry, computer science, environmental studies, or geology that will complement your intended engineering field of interest. You will be able to explore the various fields of engineering through one-on-one interactions with faculty and practicing engineers.

The department strongly encourages students to participate in research opportunities outside of their normal course work. Examples of unique research experiences include Randolph-Macon College's SURF Program, The National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Program, and PHYS 271-PHYS 274. Additionally, it is highly recommended that engineering physics students participate in the Basset Internship program to gain further perspectives of engineering that cannot be obtained from classroom or research opportunities.

Mathematics is the language of the sciences, and the analytical tool of many disciplines. In its own right, mathematics is one of the finest inventions of civilization, demanding both creativity and rigor. At Randolph-Macon College, the mathematics curriculum is designed to serve a broad variety of interests. Courses in calculus, statistics, modeling, finite mathematics, and logic are available to all students and provide one of the cornerstones of a liberal arts education.

Students pursuing the mathematics major or minor are expected to gain an appreciation of mathematical rigor, the process whereby propositions are logically deduced from general premises. Such study should enable students to apply greater clarity and precision of thought to their future endeavors and promote higher order thinking and habits of mind suitable for effective problem-solving. The curriculum includes courses in both theoretical and applied mathematics. Each student should be able to develop a course of study which will serve as the foundation for graduate work or for a career that requires well-developed analytical skills. A major in mathematics may lead to graduate study in many fields, e.g. mathematics, statistics, computer science, economics, or operations research. The program also provides excellent preparation for a career in law, medicine, business, or engineering.

The department offers a program of lecture and laboratory courses to guide students on an exploration of the basic processes in their physical environment. The dynamic interplay between theory and experiment provides a key component of the intellectual life of the department's faculty and students. Through classroom and laboratory exercises and supervised research projects, students are encouraged to integrate their experience with important physical principles, to formulate well-posed problems, to produce and evaluate solutions, and to communicate their conclusions. Computers are used in several courses as tools in this chain of reasoning, to enhance the collection and analysis of experimental data and to model and display theoretical concepts. The study of physics focuses on the interrelation of complex phenomena and a critical evaluation of conclusions.

A major in physics prepares students for entry-level positions in research, development, scientific programming, technical writing, teaching, and other positions requiring technical skills. It is also appropriate for students wishing to pursue graduate study in physics; related professions, such as astrophysics, biophysics, meteorology or oceanography; or other professions, such as engineering, medicine, business, or law. A minor in physics enhances students' comprehension of technical phenomena.

In addition to offering a major and a minor in physics and engineering physics, a major in engineering, and a minor in astrophysics, the department participates in several cooperative programs. Students wishing to combine a liberal arts education with an undergraduate engineering degree should inquire about the engineering programs in cooperation with the University of Virginia. This program leads to undergraduate degrees from Randolph-Macon and either bachelor's or master's degrees from the cooperating institution. In a cooperative program with the U.S. Navy, students may spend alternate semesters at Randolph-Macon and at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia, where they participate in a work-training program, for which they are remunerated.

Grades of C- or better in PHYS 151 and PHYS 152 are required for acceptance into the advanced programs described above. Physics majors participating in the cooperative engineering programs must complete the physics core and collegiate requirements with a B+ average in science and mathematics courses as well as overall.

Students interested in any of these programs are encouraged to meet as early as possible with a member of the physics department to plan their collegiate program of study: Astrophysics - Professor Rodruck; Engineering or Engineering Physics - Professor McLeskey; Physics - Professor Woolard; Physics teaching certification - Professor Dominguez; Co-op Engineering - Professor McLeskey.

Students majoring in physics are also required to participate in assessment activities administered by the department or by the college.

The department highly encourages each student to participate in research opportunities outside of their normal course work. PHYS 271-PHYS 274, the college's Schapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program (SURF) and the NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) are some examples of programs which provide students unique research experiences. Students who successfully complete SURF, REU or other research internship programs may request research proficiency for PHYS 400 and substitute another elective course on the physics major. Review of the student's work and permission of the department is required.

Each student must confer with the major advisor to plan a program that takes into account specific interests and career goals. The major requirements have been designed to meet the educational needs of students interested in careers in chemistry, medicine, K-12 education, forensics, business, and law.

Chemistry majors can select among five different programs of emphasis all of which are ACS certified:

• General Emphasis
• Biochemistry Emphasis
• Research Emphasis
• Forensic Science Emphasis
• Education Emphasis

Students who intend to pursue a career in the medical field (medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and pharmacy) after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Biochemistry Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to meet the requirements of many allied health professions while providing the student with a firm foundation in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Interested students should contact Dr. Green, faculty advisor of the biochemistry emphasis.

Students who intend to pursue a career in chemistry after graduation are encouraged to pursue the Research Emphasis. This emphasis is designed to support students who want to earn a Ph.D. or master's degree in chemistry after graduation. Interested students should contact Dr. Schreiner, faculty advisor of the research emphasis.

Students who are interested in K-12 education in chemistry should pursue the Education Emphasis. This emphasis works in conjunction with the minor in education to enable students to obtain teacher certification after graduation from Randolph-Macon. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the education emphasis.

Students who intend to work in forensic science after graduation should pursue the Forensic Science Emphasis. Interested students should contact Dr. Borowski, advisor of the forensic science emphasis.

The program leading to a minor in astrophysics provides the student with a unique perspective for understanding the physical universe. A basic foundation in classical and contemporary physics is strengthened by examining how these principles apply throughout the cosmos.

Biology invites students to participate in the scientific study of living organisms in all their fascinating complexity from molecular and cellular processes to the functioning of the entire planet. Students majoring in biology may satisfy their curiosity about the workings of the natural world, define their strengths and interests, and become lifelong learners in one of hundreds of biology-related careers. All students undertaking a study of biology should receive a thorough grounding in biological principles, should understand the interdisciplinary connections between biology and the other sciences, and should realize that our knowledge of biology is built on scientific discovery. Our curriculum seeks to develop in students the values, habits, and practices of a scientist by allowing them to actually do biology beginning in their freshman year, continuing in subsequent upper division courses, and culminating in a capstone experience in the senior year. An innovative course (BIOL 121 Foundations of Experimental Biology), taken during the freshman year, engages students in discovery-based laboratory exercises. Biology majors will also deepen their understanding of molecular biology (BIOL 123 Principles in Molecular Biology), genetics (BIOL 200 Genetics), and evolution (BIOL 205 Evolution) and are subsequently provided with an intensive and balanced learning experience by taking at least one course from each of the three major sub-disciplines of contemporary biology including:

1. cell and molecular biology
2. organismal biology, and
3. ecology.

Each student works closely with an adviser to select upper-level courses for an individualized curriculum to prepare for a field in medicine, allied health science, ecology, environmental science, or graduate studies in biology. Finally, each student will take a capstone course (BIOL 499 Biology Capstone), which reinforces the skills and abilities developed in the major by having students read the primary literature and discuss the work with the scientists who conducted the studies. All biology students are also encouraged to participate in research early in their college career by taking research courses and by participating in summer research through the College's Shapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship program (SURF).

Many graduate and professional programs require the completion of additional courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and the humanities. Prospective biology majors should meet with a departmental adviser in their career area(s) of interest at or before the beginning of the sophomore year.

Engineering Physics is a multidisciplinary field of study with a curriculum that has the essential core coursework in engineering, coupled with elective courses in physics, biology, chemistry, computer science, environmental studies, or geology that will complement your intended engineering field of interest. You will be able to explore the various fields of engineering through one-on-one interactions with faculty and practicing engineers.

The department strongly encourages students to participate in research opportunities outside of their normal course work. Examples of unique research experiences include Randolph-Macon College's SURF Program, The National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Program, and PHYS 271-PHYS 274. Additionally, it is highly recommended that engineering physics students participate in the Basset Internship program to gain further perspectives of engineering that cannot be obtained from classroom or research opportunities.

The minor in ethics offers an interdisciplinary approach to the study of morality. Throughout history, notions of the good, the right, and the virtuous have been a central concern for individuals and societies. Although both philosophy and religion have traditionally been the disciplines that study ethics, ethical questions arise in the whole of human life, and every academic area is to some extent concerned with such questions. Thirteen departments or programs of the college presently offer courses approved in this minor. These courses pursue an understanding and critical examination of ethical notions, arguments, practices, decisions, and decision-making as they investigate various subject matters. The aim of the ethics minor is consonant with the mission of the college: to develop "the mind and character of each student." It does this by drawing on courses in different disciplines that cultivate students' understanding and judgement about often complex issues of right and wrong.

The minor consists of five courses: two foundation courses and three electives. Students must take one foundation course in Philosophy (PHIL 212 Ethics) and one in Religious Studies (either RELS 235 Religious Ethics or RELS 237 Christian Ethics). Students are encouraged to take one or both foundation courses before taking electives in the minor. If a student takes both RELS 235 Religious Ethics and RELS 237 Christian Ethics, one will count as a foundation course and the other as an elective. No more than three courses from a single department or program may count toward the minor.

Mathematics is the language of the sciences, and the analytical tool of many disciplines. In its own right, mathematics is one of the finest inventions of civilization, demanding both creativity and rigor. At Randolph-Macon College, the mathematics curriculum is designed to serve a broad variety of interests. Courses in calculus, statistics, modeling, finite mathematics, and logic are available to all students and provide one of the cornerstones of a liberal arts education.

Students pursuing the mathematics major or minor are expected to gain an appreciation of mathematical rigor, the process whereby propositions are logically deduced from general premises. Such study should enable students to apply greater clarity and precision of thought to their future endeavors and promote higher order thinking and habits of mind suitable for effective problem-solving. The curriculum includes courses in both theoretical and applied mathematics. Each student should be able to develop a course of study which will serve as the foundation for graduate work or for a career that requires well-developed analytical skills. A major in mathematics may lead to graduate study in many fields, e.g. mathematics, statistics, computer science, economics, or operations research. The program also provides excellent preparation for a career in law, medicine, business, or engineering.

Behavioral Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary course of study within the broader framework of neuroscience that explores the impact of various aspects of behavior and environment on the brain's functions. In the Randolph-Macon behavioral neuroscience laboratory, students have explored the impact of parenting, enriched environments, chronic stress, exercise and various social interactions on behavioral and neural responses.

The behavioral neuroscience major exposes students to the fundamental elements of the discipline, bolstered by opportunities to conduct relevant original research and complete internships in various professional settings. In multiple courses, students will learn the fundamental properties of the nervous system in order to fully understand its integration with various aspects of behavior and mental processes. Due to its interdisciplinary nature, students will take relevant courses in several disciplines including the departments of psychology, biology, and chemistry.

Generally, the mission of the behavioral neuroscience major is to provide Randolph-Macon students with an opportunity to gain sufficient expertise/mastery to enable them to become critical thinkers in the discipline. Students will gain mastery in behavioral neuroscience (e.g., competence in critical thinking, science methodology, and communication skills) by conducting original research projects (and writing formal papers and presenting the information) as they progress through the Randolph-Macon behavioral neuroscience curriculum.

The department offers a program of lecture and laboratory courses to guide students on an exploration of the basic processes in their physical environment. The dynamic interplay between theory and experiment provides a key component of the intellectual life of the department's faculty and students. Through classroom and laboratory exercises and supervised research projects, students are encouraged to integrate their experience with important physical principles, to formulate well-posed problems, to produce and evaluate solutions, and to communicate their conclusions. Computers are used in several courses as tools in this chain of reasoning, to enhance the collection and analysis of experimental data and to model and display theoretical concepts. The study of physics focuses on the interrelation of complex phenomena and a critical evaluation of conclusions.

A major in physics prepares students for entry-level positions in research, development, scientific programming, technical writing, teaching, and other positions requiring technical skills. It is also appropriate for students wishing to pursue graduate study in physics; related professions, such as astrophysics, biophysics, meteorology or oceanography; or other professions, such as engineering, medicine, business, or law. A minor in physics enhances students' comprehension of technical phenomena.

In addition to offering a major and a minor in physics and engineering physics, a major in engineering, and a minor in astrophysics, the department participates in several cooperative programs. Students wishing to combine a liberal arts education with an undergraduate engineering degree should inquire about the engineering programs in cooperation with the University of Virginia. This program leads to undergraduate degrees from Randolph-Macon and either bachelor's or master's degrees from the cooperating institution. In a cooperative program with the U.S. Navy, students may spend alternate semesters at Randolph-Macon and at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia, where they participate in a work-training program, for which they are remunerated.

Grades of C- or better in PHYS 151 and PHYS 152 are required for acceptance into the advanced programs described above. Physics majors participating in the cooperative engineering programs must complete the physics core and collegiate requirements with a B+ average in science and mathematics courses as well as overall.

Students interested in any of these programs are encouraged to meet as early as possible with a member of the physics department to plan their collegiate program of study: Astrophysics - Professor Rodruck; Engineering or Engineering Physics - Professor McLeskey; Physics - Professor Woolard; Physics teaching certification - Professor Dominguez; Co-op Engineering - Professor McLeskey.

Students majoring in physics are also required to participate in assessment activities administered by the department or by the college.

The department highly encourages each student to participate in research opportunities outside of their normal course work. PHYS 271-PHYS 274, the college's Schapiro Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program (SURF) and the NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) are some examples of programs which provide students unique research experiences. Students who successfully complete SURF, REU or other research internship programs may request research proficiency for PHYS 400 and substitute another elective course on the physics major. Review of the student's work and permission of the department is required.